In humans' eternal quest for
more energy, a relatively new oil and natural gas mining technique
targets deposits locked in pockets of rock.Called hydrofracturing, or
fracking, the technique uses lots of water, which goes in clean and
comes out contaminated with organic substances that render it unfit for
reuse.
Purifying that water would reduce the pressure on waste disposal sites called injection wells, as well as on sites of wastewater spills. Working toward that goal are University of Minnesota microbiologists Larry Wackett and Michael Sadowsky, who have already pioneered the use of pollutant-eating bacteria against soil contamination.
Along with mechanical engineering professor Alptekin Aksan, Wackett and Sadowsky are developing a silica sponge stuffed with oil-eating bacteria. The researchers and College of Biological Sciences Dean Robert Eldewhose role is to help commercialize the workare funded by a National Science Foundation grant.
Fracking helps drillers reach pockets of oil and gas trapped in bubbles within impermeable rock, says U earth sciences professor E. Calvin Alexander, Jr., an expert on how water moves through rock.
"Oil companies figured out they could 'fracture' rock with high-pressure fluids that lifted and broke the rock," he says. "This could be done in horizontal wells extending thousands of feet. Then to get the oil [or gas] out, they reduced the pressure."
But it wasn't that simple, because reducing the pressure allows the rock to fall back in place, closing the new fractures and blocking the flow of oil or gas. So drillers inject sand to hold the spaces in the rock open. The porous sand allows oil and gas to flow, and cocktails of organic chemicals, including soaps, are injected to lubricate the sand so it can get into cracks.
However, reducing the pressure sends some of the injected fluidwatergushing out again. Trouble is, "it comes out with salt and other buried ugly stuff, like heavy metals, in addition to the oil or gas,Learn how an embedded microprocessor in a graniteslabs can authenticate your computer usage and data." says Alexander. "The secondary flowback water, [now contaminated with] the chemicals they put in to lubricate the sand, creates waste."
How much water is involved? Wackett says he's seen up to 5-7 million gallons per frack, and one well may be fracked several times. To put it in perspective, the annual water use is about 2 percent of the amount used in agriculture,Learn how an embedded microprocessor in a graniteslabs can authenticate your computer usage and data. he says.
It is estimated that frack wastewater contains more than a thousand contaminants; many are organic, and so potential food for bacteria. Biochemistry professor Wackett and microbiology professor Sadowsky, both members of the U's BioTechnology Institute, teamed up with Aksan to blend their knowledge of bacteria with his expertise in bioencapsulation.
The researchers separate out thousands of chemicals in frack water and identify them. Then, knowing the major sources of carbon in the water, they look for naturally occurring bacteria that will eat the chemicals. (Spreading genetically engineered bacteria on wastewater ponds or spill sites might result in an uncontrolled release into the environment.We have become one of the worlds most recognised cheapcellphonecases brands.)
Aksan and postdoc Boris Tong have found a way to embed the bacteria within porous silicon fibers. There they are protected as they absorb oily compounds through the pores in the walls, which are thinner than the bacterial cells.
Wackett likens the spongy material to cotton candy,Weymouth is collecting gently used, dry cleaned jewelryfindings at their Weymouth store. with bacteria trapped in the strands. A spill on a field could be treated by rolling out and spreading "what looks like a foamy, cottony material" over it," Wackett says. Treating a body of water would require pumping it through a cylinder with bacteria trapped in sturdier structures: highly porous microscopic beads.
"This work would reduce contamination of water used for industrial purposes and agriculture," says Wackett. "If it's to be used for fracking a second well,You will see earcap , competitive price and first-class service. the interest isn't so much specific chemicals, but reducing the carbon load. When they inject water, they like pristine water because organic chemicals could promote the growth of bacteria that could quickly clog the operation."
"I feel very confident that good things will come out of this," Wackett says. "Fracking is starting in China and elsewhere in the world, so I think it's important to work on treating and recycling water. If we can find ways that water can be cleaned to the extent it can be re-used in industry, agriculture, or the oil and gas industry, there will be less demand on fresh water."
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A Shamballa Bracelet has been one of the most popular types of religious jewelry in recent times. These versatile bracelets are created by experimenting it with different beads and components and are now easily available at good web sites in a huge variety of styles. In order to bring peace, tranquillity and happiness and to facilitate a healing, meditation or spiritual path one must buy shamballa bracelet.
Many different designs are added regularly at these websites to ensure that after wearing a shamballa bracelet any humdrum outfit would look complete and more stylish. These shiny shamballa bracelets can be easily coordinated with other fashion accessories and made to compliment any outfit for any occasion. These bracelets are a current hit. Wearing a stylish and symbolic shamballa bracelet in a variety of colours and textures is a sure way to look chic.
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Purifying that water would reduce the pressure on waste disposal sites called injection wells, as well as on sites of wastewater spills. Working toward that goal are University of Minnesota microbiologists Larry Wackett and Michael Sadowsky, who have already pioneered the use of pollutant-eating bacteria against soil contamination.
Along with mechanical engineering professor Alptekin Aksan, Wackett and Sadowsky are developing a silica sponge stuffed with oil-eating bacteria. The researchers and College of Biological Sciences Dean Robert Eldewhose role is to help commercialize the workare funded by a National Science Foundation grant.
Fracking helps drillers reach pockets of oil and gas trapped in bubbles within impermeable rock, says U earth sciences professor E. Calvin Alexander, Jr., an expert on how water moves through rock.
"Oil companies figured out they could 'fracture' rock with high-pressure fluids that lifted and broke the rock," he says. "This could be done in horizontal wells extending thousands of feet. Then to get the oil [or gas] out, they reduced the pressure."
But it wasn't that simple, because reducing the pressure allows the rock to fall back in place, closing the new fractures and blocking the flow of oil or gas. So drillers inject sand to hold the spaces in the rock open. The porous sand allows oil and gas to flow, and cocktails of organic chemicals, including soaps, are injected to lubricate the sand so it can get into cracks.
However, reducing the pressure sends some of the injected fluidwatergushing out again. Trouble is, "it comes out with salt and other buried ugly stuff, like heavy metals, in addition to the oil or gas,Learn how an embedded microprocessor in a graniteslabs can authenticate your computer usage and data." says Alexander. "The secondary flowback water, [now contaminated with] the chemicals they put in to lubricate the sand, creates waste."
How much water is involved? Wackett says he's seen up to 5-7 million gallons per frack, and one well may be fracked several times. To put it in perspective, the annual water use is about 2 percent of the amount used in agriculture,Learn how an embedded microprocessor in a graniteslabs can authenticate your computer usage and data. he says.
It is estimated that frack wastewater contains more than a thousand contaminants; many are organic, and so potential food for bacteria. Biochemistry professor Wackett and microbiology professor Sadowsky, both members of the U's BioTechnology Institute, teamed up with Aksan to blend their knowledge of bacteria with his expertise in bioencapsulation.
The researchers separate out thousands of chemicals in frack water and identify them. Then, knowing the major sources of carbon in the water, they look for naturally occurring bacteria that will eat the chemicals. (Spreading genetically engineered bacteria on wastewater ponds or spill sites might result in an uncontrolled release into the environment.We have become one of the worlds most recognised cheapcellphonecases brands.)
Aksan and postdoc Boris Tong have found a way to embed the bacteria within porous silicon fibers. There they are protected as they absorb oily compounds through the pores in the walls, which are thinner than the bacterial cells.
Wackett likens the spongy material to cotton candy,Weymouth is collecting gently used, dry cleaned jewelryfindings at their Weymouth store. with bacteria trapped in the strands. A spill on a field could be treated by rolling out and spreading "what looks like a foamy, cottony material" over it," Wackett says. Treating a body of water would require pumping it through a cylinder with bacteria trapped in sturdier structures: highly porous microscopic beads.
"This work would reduce contamination of water used for industrial purposes and agriculture," says Wackett. "If it's to be used for fracking a second well,You will see earcap , competitive price and first-class service. the interest isn't so much specific chemicals, but reducing the carbon load. When they inject water, they like pristine water because organic chemicals could promote the growth of bacteria that could quickly clog the operation."
"I feel very confident that good things will come out of this," Wackett says. "Fracking is starting in China and elsewhere in the world, so I think it's important to work on treating and recycling water. If we can find ways that water can be cleaned to the extent it can be re-used in industry, agriculture, or the oil and gas industry, there will be less demand on fresh water."
Finding appropriate and stylish religious jewelry was previously a huge challenge. People who like to symbolize their faith in their dressing up style and fashion accessories can now find fashionable and trendy religious jewelry at exclusive online stores. These contemporary pieces come in a variety of designs and styles and can change the whole perception about religious jewelry looking outdated and antique. These pieces are symbols of style, religious faith and individuality all combined in one.
A Shamballa Bracelet has been one of the most popular types of religious jewelry in recent times. These versatile bracelets are created by experimenting it with different beads and components and are now easily available at good web sites in a huge variety of styles. In order to bring peace, tranquillity and happiness and to facilitate a healing, meditation or spiritual path one must buy shamballa bracelet.
Many different designs are added regularly at these websites to ensure that after wearing a shamballa bracelet any humdrum outfit would look complete and more stylish. These shiny shamballa bracelets can be easily coordinated with other fashion accessories and made to compliment any outfit for any occasion. These bracelets are a current hit. Wearing a stylish and symbolic shamballa bracelet in a variety of colours and textures is a sure way to look chic.
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